The major products of the complete combustion of petroleum-based fuels in an internal combustion engine are carbon dioxide (13%) and water (13%), with nitrogen from air comprising most (73%) of the remaining exhaust. There are two categories of diesel engine: open-chamber or direct-injection engines are preferred for heavy-duty applications because they offer the best fuel economy divided-chamber or indirect-injection engines have been preferred for light-duty applications because they are less sensitive to differences in fuels, have a wider range of speeds (and therefore greater power:weight ratio), run more quietly and emit fewer pollutants ( National Research Council, 1982). Primarily because of its higher density, a litre of diesel fuel contains approximately 13% more energy than a litre of gasoline. The fuels used in diesel and gasoline engines also differ, with diesel fuel consisting of higher boiling range petroleum fractions (see IARC, 1989). In gasoline engines, the fuel is ignited by sparking-plugs. In diesel engines, the fuel is self-ignited as it is injected into air that has been heated by compression. They are both internal, intermittent combustion engines. Diesel and gasoline engines are the major power train sources used in vehicles.
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